November 26, 2019 — In 2015, 195 countries adopted an international treaty aiming to limit global warming to less than 2 °C (3.6 °F) above average preindustrial temperatures in order to avert the worst of Earth’s climate emergency.
How exactly will these countries implement that treaty, the Paris agreement? That’s a key question for the thousands of people set to attend the COP 25 negotiations, the 25th annual Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Despite a last-minute change of location from Chile to Spain, the talks are still slated for December 2–13. Representatives of countries around the world are preparing to negotiate rules for international carbon markets, finalize details on climate finance and ready the world for the crucial next decade of action on the climate crisis. Chilean environmental minister Carolina Schmidt will preside over the negotiations.
Double Counting Strikes Back
According to Schmidt, “COP 25 will be the COP of implementation.” The main goal is to fill in the legal and technical details of the Paris agreement. That work began at COP 24, which was held last year in Poland.
Left unresolved last year were the rules for voluntary carbon emissions markets, which would let nations meet their pledged emissions cuts by trading reductions with other countries. In a June interview, Schmidt said that these rules, covered under Article 6 of the Paris treaty, would be a major focus of COP 25.
Finishing the work of COP 24, this year’s negotiations should finalize the details of the Paris agreement. But consensus could be difficult to reach. During the last climate talks, according to Carbon Brief, draft rules for the carbon markets would have prohibited double counting of emissions, a scenario in which reductions would be counted by both the country that achieved them and the country purchasing those reductions as emissions offsets. But the delegation from Brazil rejected that prohibition, pushing the conversation off to this year.
Other Issues
Other issues will be on the table, too. Countries at COP 25 will discuss details for climate finance to support countries designated as developing as they adapt to climate change and mitigate their carbon emissions.
Outside the halls of power, COP 25 could see street demonstrations and other protests. Last year’s talks coincided with protests worldwide, including 3,000 who marched in Katowice, Poland, where the talks were held.
U.S. diplomats will be among the negotiators — but potentially for the last time. President Donald Trump notified the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on Nov. 4, 2019, that the U.S. would withdraw from the Paris agreement. The U.S. is scheduled be officially out of the deal by Nov. 4, 2020, less than a week before COP 26 will begin in Glasgow, Scotland. A U.S. delegation will still be invited to attend the conference — but not to negotiate, in an official capacity, the future of the Paris accord.
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Global climate change is our biggest problem now, especially after the ice in two poles entirely converts to liquid phase, the global climate change will enter into the accelerated phase, and from this phase the global climate change will attack Earth’s ecosystems more and more stronger. So we need new and right knowledge about climate change to help us understand exactly what causes global climate change and we need to have the right, effective and low-cost method to cooling the earth Through this letter I would like to introduce my discoveries about the Earth biogeochemical mechanism causing global climate change, and about the method to cool the earth that also brings many benefits to ecology and to humanity, the brief content (summary from my works I have completed © 2019 ©) is as follows:
(Brief) Cause of climate change is overfishing - Cooling the Earth by fertilize sea surface with NH4OH, (NH4)2CO3, UREA, NaOH, KOH dilute solutions.
-The concept of the increasing of amount of CO2 emissions goes into the atmosphere causing climate change is wrong concept, because the miniature Earth model by greenhouse without miniature hydrosphere (sea) is the wrong miniature Earth model, leading to eliminate the participation of marine phytoplankton community and marine animal community into mechanism causing global climate change. For solving the global climate change problem, mankind has chosen the wrong object (CO2 content in atmosphere) for impacting, so even though CO2 emission level can reach zero by 2050, climate change will still be occured severe. Mankind has only one way to chose for solving climate change is by method of fertilization into hydrosphere (into sea surface) by soluble nitrogenous matters and alkaline matters in order to develop marine phytoplankton community (because the mean of catching restriction of a large quantity of marine animals for many years will be a difficult mean to implement). The fertilization of soluble nitrogenous matters and alkaline matters into the hydrosphere helps to cool the earth quickly thanks to the development of marine phytoplankton communities, while reducing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere thanks to the carbon fixed by the growth of phytoplankton, then into solid organic matters, then into sediments with rich carbon and without nitrogen (all nitrogenous matter is released back into the hydrosphere), and helps to make the earth's ecosystem more green, and helps to enrich marine animals and seaweeds and helps to retain the diversity of marine creature community.
- The overfishing of marine animals from the Industrial Revolution until now (about 100 million tons/year in recent years) is an action of withdrawing a huge quantity of nitrogenous matters and of useful substances for marine plants (such as iron-containing solutes, boron, microelements, vitamines, botanic hormones) out of hydrosphere, but until now mankind did not fertilize for the hydrosphere with these substances. Because marine cyanobacteria require NH3 and ammoni and high pH in the early phase of their life, and marine phytoplankton and marine botanic creatures just can consume nutrition under soluble form, therefore, the low content of the above mention soluble matters (due to the lack of marine animals) which pushes the marine phytoplankton community to decline strongly, especially the decline of the cyanobacteria community makes hydrosphere to be into insufficient nitrogenous matter for marine phytoplankton (and for the marine creatures), so that the biomass of marine plankton declines more and more faster, and consequently the global climate gets more and more hotter.
- Catching marine animals is equivalent to permanently closing plants to convert insoluble matters (their food) into soluble matters, causing a lot of damage for the Earth's ecosystem and for the Earth's climate. When the hydrosphere has high content of the above soluble substances (released from marine animals or applied by humans), the marine phytoplankton community will grow strongly and rapidly (just a few days after fertilization) , and this development will: 1-increase sunlight absorption by marine phytoplankton (by photosynthesis) and reduce heat radiation by seawater, 2 - reduce the penetration of sunlight into the hydrosphere which strongly reduces the thermal radiation by seawater, 3-reflect sunlight into the universe which reduces the intensity of sunlight entering the atmosphere, 4-increase the self cooling ability of the hydrosphere thanks to O2 separate from H2O (from photosynthesis) and O2 going upward to cool hydrosphere (this heat will radiate into the universe at the high atmosphere layer), 5-increase O2 for marine communities by photosynthesis of marine creatures containing chlorophyll, 6 - increase quantity of carbon fixation into biomass (and then convert into insoluble organic matter (corpse and rigid wastes), then convert into sendiments with rich carbon and without nitrogen, through marine animal food chains and the deterioration of marine microorganisms), and ect.
-The method to cool the Earth by fertilization into the sea surface by dilute solutions of NH4OH, (NH4)2CO3, NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3, K2CO3, urea and other soluble useful subtances for marine plants. To compensate for every 100 million tons of marine animals caught each year, world need to fertilizes 16 million tons of neutral nitrogenous fertilizer to the hydrosphere (marine animal body contains average of 16% nitrogen), but when world feritlizes by the mixture of [NH4OH + NaOH + KOH + organic solvents for cyanobacteria], the amount of this mixture is estimated to be only a few tons, because this mixture pushes the cyanobacteria community to develop strongly and thanks to this develop, a large amount of nitrogenous matters will be produced, leading hydrosphere can produce nitrogenous matters for itself instead have to receive from mankind.
In order to have the concept about the quantity of nitrogenous matters to ferilize for hydrosphere, suppose that in the term of 200 past years mankind catches averagely each year 40 tons of marine animals, that is mankind withdraws from hydrosphere a quan tity of nitrogenous matter is = [200 years X 40 million tons / year X 16% (average percentage of nitrogen in the body of marine animals)] = 1280 million tons of nitrogenous matter (refer to nitrogen), but assuming that the cyanobacteria community "gifts" for mankind 30% /1280 million tons of nitrogenous matter, so until now mankind owes hydrosphere 1280 million tons X 70% = 896 million tons of nitrogenous matter. To restore the biomass of marine animals as 200 years ago, mankind have to fertilize 896 million tons of nitrogenous neutral fertilizer (refer nitrogen), for preparing enough this amount of 896 million tons of nitrogenous matters, mankind have to prepare about 10 years (by NH3 production capacity nowadays).
Fortunately, if mankind uses a mixture of [NH4OH + NaOH + KOH + organic solvents for cyanobacteria] to fertilize into the sea surface, mankind may use only about 200 million tons of the above mentioned mixture with only about 2 years to prepare for this 200 million tons, because this mixture will increase the NH3 and alkaline content and pH of hydrosphere, leading the cyanobacteria community to develop and to produce (fix) more nitrogenous matter which compensates for the amount of nitrogenous matter of marine animals which is drained out from the atmosphere. And assuming that mankind fertilizes enough quantity of the above mentioned mixture for the hydrosphere, the temperature of the hydrosphere will decrease after just in few days (because marine phytoplankton community consumes soluble nitrogenous matters and grows rapidly just after few days) and global climate temperature will decrease after just few months.
-To cool Earth world needs to fertilize into the sea surface by dilute solutions of NH4OH, (NH4) 2CO3, NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3, K2CO3, urea… and other useful solutes for marine plants. To compensate for every 100 million tons of marine animals caught each year, world needs to fertilize 16 million tons of neutral nitrogen fertilizer fro hydrosphere (nitrogen, marine animal body contains average of 16% nitrogen), but when world uses the mixture of [NH4OH + NaOH + KOH + organic detritants for cyanobacteria], the amount of this mixture is only a few tons, because this mixture will stimulate the cyanobacteria community to strongly grow, and thanks to their growth a large amount of nitrogenous matter will be fixed, and this fixed amount of nitrogenous matter will replace the soluble neutral nitrogenous fertilizers. Assuming that the current hydrosphere has only 10% of biomass of marine animal community left to compare with the biomass one in years of 300 years ago. And now world need to restore the biomass one as before 300 years ago, in case the world uses soluble neutral nitrogenous fertilizers, the quantity of these fertilizer would be 90% X. 16 million tons = 144 million tons (refer to nitrogen), and the world can sufficiently prepared within 2 years. But in case the world uses the a above mixture, the world can sufficiently prepared within 6 months. Assuming the world completely fertilizes as two above ways, the temperature of hydrosphere will decrease after a few days (because marine phytoplankton will entirely consumes all the quantity of above soluble matters just in few days and phytoplankton entirely grows just in a few days), and the earth's climate temperature will decrease after few months.
- Methods to alkalize the atmosphere to contribute to reducing the temperature of global climate by spraying NH3 or alkaline hydroxide into ozone layer to destroy harmful halogen substances (such as CFC) in ozone layer, and by spraying alkali metals (Na, Li) into the ionosphere to increase alkaline ions in the ionosphere in order to limit the high energy rays from the universe through the ionosphere.
Huynh Cong Nhan (Nhan Huynh), author and founder of PNAFHA Huynh Fund © 2019.